What’s Acceptable and What’s Not? [Apa yang Diterima dan Apa yang Tidak?]
Introduction
In a world where reason and truth are under constant scrutiny, Postmodernism emerges as both a critic and a challenger to the Enlightenment’s legacy.[1] In Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault, Stephen R.C. Hicks debates that Postmodernism developed as a reaction to the failures of earlier ideas like the Enlightenment and socialism.[2] He explains that Postmodernism is based on doubting reason, objective truth, and universal values. According to Hicks, when modern systems of thought did not work as expected, thinkers turned to Postmodernism to critique those systems. Postmodernism focuses on ideas like subjectivity, relativism, and how society shapes what we think of as “truth.”[3]
- Subjectivity means that people’s experiences, feelings, and perspectives influence how they see and understand the world.[4] For example, two people might watch the same movie but interpret its meaning differently based on their personal experiences. In Postmodernism, this highlights that truth, or meaning isn’t the same for everyone; it’s shaped by individual points of view.
- Relativism goes a step further and suggests that there’s no absolute or universal truth—what’s true or right depends on the context, culture, or individual beliefs.[5] For instance, something considered morally acceptable in one culture might be unacceptable in another. Postmodernists use relativism to argue that ideas like morality, knowledge, or truth aren’t fixed but vary across different societies and situations.
Explaining Postmodernism
A movie that shares similar ideas with Stephen R.C. Hicks’ Explaining Postmodernism is The Matrix (1999).[6] The movie explores ideas about what is real, doubts about absolute truth, and how those in power shape what people believe—all of which relate to Postmodernist themes in Hicks’ book. In my opinion, here is how the movie reflects key themes from Hicks’ book: ** The lead male actor in The Matrix (1999) is Keanu Reeves, who plays Neo, and the lead actress is Carrie-Anne Moss, who portrays Trinity. **
- Reality as a Construct: In The Matrix, the world people believe is real is actually a computer-generated simulation created by machines. This reflects Postmodernist ideas, as discussed in Hicks’ book, about skepticism toward objective reality. Postmodernism argues that what we perceive as “truth” or “reality” is often constructed by social or cultural systems, just as the Matrix constructs the characters’ perceived world.
- Skepticism of Truth and Reason: Hicks explains that Postmodernism is built on doubting universal truths and questioning whether reason can uncover absolute reality. In The Matrix, Neo’s journey is about challenging his belief in the reality he’s always known, echoing the Postmodernist skepticism that Hicks critiques.
- Power and Control: The machines in The Matrix serve as a metaphor for the power structures that Postmodernists, as described by Hicks, examine and critique. Postmodernists often argue that those in power shape knowledge and “truth” to maintain their dominance. Similarly, the machines manipulate the simulated reality to control humanity.
- Identity and Subjectivity: Neo’s transformation from an average individual into “The One” reflects the Postmodernist idea of identity as fluid and shaped by personal and external influences. Hicks discusses how Postmodernism views identity as constructive influenced by subjective experiences and societal forces.
- Rejection of Grand Narratives: Postmodernists, as described by Hicks, reject “grand narratives”—overarching stories or ideologies that claim to explain everything. In The Matrix, Neo’s journey represents a rejection of the grand narrative imposed by the Matrix’s simulation and an embrace of individual liberation and questioning.
A Christian Perspective
The book Understanding Postmodernism: A Christian Perspective by Stewart E. Kelly and James K. Dew Jr., contrasts Postmodernism with Christianity, emphasizing, that while Postmodernism questions truth and morality, Christianity provides a stable foundation in the eternal truth of Jesus Christ.[7] The authors advocate for a balanced approach, acknowledging some valid critiques of Postmodernism, such as its concerns about oppressive narratives and human limitations. They explain that Postmodernism emerged as a reaction to the Enlightenment’s overconfidence in reason and objective truth, highlighting the challenges of language and achieving absolute perspective, while encouraging Christians to thoughtfully engage with these issues.[8]
To a certain extent, I believe that there is an opportunity to engage Postmodernist culture by emphasizing personal experience, authenticity, and relational ministry in presenting the Gospel. The Restaurant of Mistaken Orders in Japan is an example of an initiative that challenges societal norms, celebrates human connection, and values empathy and diversity. The restaurant, which employs staff with dementia, focuses on joy and acceptance over rigid standards, demonstrating the importance of embracing diverse experiences and fostering understanding. While not strictly Postmodernist, it aligns with themes of challenging conventions and celebrating humanity. John 13:34-35 (NIV), “A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.”[9] A powerful call to embody love as a sign of faith and connection.
Conclusion
Postmodernism invites us to question established truths and societal norms, presenting both challenges and opportunities for individuals and communities.
[1] Stephen R.C. Hicks, Explaining Postmodernism, Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault (Orlando, FL: Ockham’s Razor Publishing, 2014), 37-38.
[2] Hicks, 23-24.
[3] Hicks,16.
[4] Hicks, 94.
[5] Hicks, 202.
[6] The Matrix. Directed by Lana Wachowski and Lilly Wachowski. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros., 1999. Film.
[7] Stewart E. Kelly and James K. Dew Jr., Understanding Postmodernism: A Christian Perspective (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2017).
[8] Kelly, Dew. 887.
[9] The Bible. John 13:34-35 (NIV).
About the Author
Shela Sullivan
Born and raised on the vibrant Penang Island in Malaysia, I cherish the Malaysian greeting, “Mari Makan!!” which reflects the warmth of shared meals. Since 1996, I have called Oregon my home enjoying the raindrops and the serenity of its beaches. The ocean connects me to nature and energizes me. I am a Wife - Mentor - Traveling Pastor - Sourcing Manager Construction. Favorite Bible Verse: "Delight yourself in the Lord, and He will give you the desires of your heart." ~ Psalm 37:4~ I reside with my husband, David and our fur-baby Rolo. We share passions for travelling, culture, diverse cuisines, home improvements, classic cars and laughter.12 responses to “What’s Acceptable and What’s Not? [Apa yang Diterima dan Apa yang Tidak?]”
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Shela, I appreciate the parallel you’ve drawn between postmodernism’s skepticism of objective truth and the themes explored in The Matrix, highlighting how the Christian faith offers a stable foundation in truth through Christ. How do you think Christians can effectively engage a Postmodern culture that values personal experience and subjectivity without compromising the absolute truth claims of the Gospel? In other words, how do we balance relational ministry and authenticity with unwavering biblical convictions in conversations shaped by Postmodern thought?
Thank you for your question, Chad.
Christians can effectively engage Postmodern culture by prioritizing authentic relationships—being genuine and real. This includes sharing personal testimonies and fostering open dialogue about diverse topics that matter, such as religion, domestic violence (acknowledging it impacts men too, though it’s often overlooked), and addressing false positivity within Christian circles. These conversations create space for meaningful connection and understanding.
At the heart of this engagement is the emphasis on Christ as the ultimate truth. Christians must balance compassion with conviction, adapting communication to focus on listening and relatable conversations. This approach shows how the Gospel speaks to both absolute truth and personal experience.
By combining relational ministry, personal authenticity, and Christ-centered conviction, Christians can thoughtfully and effectively engage Postmodern culture. This demonstrates how the Gospel addresses absolute truth while resonating with the deepest human longings and personal stories.
Hi Shela, I really enjoyed your blog! Thank you for concluding with what I was trying to say 🙂 How does understanding postmodernism help you engage in with your colleagues?
Thank you for your question, Julie. I am glad that my post resonated with you.
It is all about fostering empathy, being adaptable, and having meaningful conversations. Since Postmodernism values personal experience and questions absolute truths, I approach conversations with humility and an open mind (from a place of not-knowing). By appreciating diverse perspectives, I am able to create real connections (avoid false positivity) and have judgment-free dialogue about important topics.
Also, Postmodernism’s critique of power dynamics and social structures makes me more aware of how workplace culture and narratives impact interactions. This awareness helps me collaborate effectively while respecting everyone’s unique experiences. At the same time, I can stay grounded by balancing integrity and clear values with that awareness, which builds trust and understanding. I believe, ultimately, Postmodernism gives me tools to navigate workplace relationships by focusing on authenticity, thoughtful engagement, and strong connections.
Hi Shela, Your post was the clearest explaination I have read. Thank you. You wrote that postmodernists often argue that those in power shape knowledge and “truth” to maintain their dominance. Do you see this happening in your work context and if so is there a viable option on responding to it?
Thank you for your question, Diane. I am glad my post made sense. This is not an easy topic to articulate even though we know what Postmodernism is.
Yes, this concept can manifest in work contexts, especially in hierarchical organizations or environments where leadership strongly influences narratives and decision-making processes. For example, those in leadership roles may control how success is defined, how performance is measured, or which values are prioritized—all of which can shape perceptions of “truth” within the workplace.
To respond effectively to power shaping “truth” in the workplace, it is important to promote transparency by encouraging the open sharing of information, decisions, and performance metrics to reduce biased narratives. Creating inclusive spaces where diverse perspectives are welcomed ensures that all employees feel heard, fostering collaboration and balance. Encouraging critical thinking allows colleagues to thoughtfully examine ideas and question assumptions, reducing reliance on one-sided narratives. Leading relationally, with a focus on listening, collaboration, and authenticity, helps counteract power imbalances. Lastly, building trust by welcoming constructive feedback and dissent creates a culture where innovation and fairness thrive. This holistic approach addresses workplace dynamics thoughtfully and inclusively.
Great blog, Shela. We arrived a similar conclusion that there are doorways into a postmodern culture without having to give up on rational truth. You wrote, “To a certain extent, I believe that there is an opportunity to engage Postmodernist culture by emphasizing personal experience, authenticity, and relational ministry in presenting the Gospel.” What has been the most challenging issue for you as you have engaged a postmodern culture? Why?
Hi Graham, thank you for the questions. I am glad that my post resonated with you.
Engaging a postmodern culture presents challenges for Christians due to the rejection of absolute truth, which is central to the Christian faith, as well as skepticism toward institutions, including religious ones. This cultural mindset values subjective truth, emphasizing personal experience over universal doctrines, making it difficult to present the Gospel as absolute and authoritative. Furthermore, cultural relativism often leads to the perception of exclusivity in Christian teachings as intolerant, while an emphasis on relational ministry and experience, though effective, can risk overshadowing theological depth and doctrinal integrity.
The “why” behind these challenges stems from the cultural shift toward valuing diversity, pluralism, and inclusivity—qualities that are important but can create tension when sharing a faith that is inherently exclusive in its claims. It calls Christians to balance boldness in sharing truth with sensitivity and relational connection, which requires discernment, creativity, and adaptability.
Hi Shela, I have similar sentiments to the others who read your blog. I’m wondering if there is a particular aspect of postmodernism that you found yourself relating to concerning your own values and beliefs?
Hi Kari, thank you for your question.
I relate to an inclusive environment, balanced workplace, and fostering diverse perspectives. I strive to give people a sense of belonging. Additionally, I belief relational leadership promotes collaboration and builds trust within a team of community.
Thank you, Shelia, for your post. Could you give and example of what you said in your conclusion, where you said that postmodernism invites us to question established truths and societal norms? Thank again, Shelia.
Shela, I enjoyed both your comparison to The Matrix and the book about postmodernism and Christianity.
I’m delinquent so you don’t need to reply. But I’m wondering how Christian communities can adapt their approaches to ministry and outreach in a Postmodern context while remaining faithful to their teaching.