Quadrilateral of Priorities – The Make-up of Evangelicalism
“Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s” by David Bebbington is comprehensive historical study of the evangelical movement in Britain from the 18th century to late 20th century.[1] This book explores how evangelicalism has influenced and been shaped by British society over time. Furthermore, Bebbington examines key periods and events such as the impact of the evangelical movement in the 19th century its resurgence after World War II and the various cultural trends that have influenced the movement.
After leaving the Wesley Methodist Church in my hometown, Penang, I joined a local church, Latter Rain Evangelical Church (not Latter Days Saints). Attending Latter Rain church was a life changing time for me — my spiritual life matured drastically, my prayer life improved and I discovered that the Word of God is alive. Each verse breathes life into me. My Christian life rooted from an evangelical foundation. Yet, I have never spent time to explore the meaning or the history of the evangelical movement.
I appreciate this book, especially learning about the four characteristics Bebbington listed, “quadrilateral of priorities” referred to as Bebbington’s quadrilateral.[2] These four characteristics are “conversionism, the belief that lives need to be changed; activism, the expression of the gospel in effort; biblicism, a particular regard for the Bible; and what may be called crucicentrism, a stress on the sacrifice of Christ on the cross.”[3]
“What is Evangelical?” It emphasizes on the following:[4]
- Centrality of the Cross and the study of the Bible
- The importance of personal conversion experience, “born again”
- The need for active expression of faith through good works and evangelism
- The significance of Jesus Christ atoning death and resurrection
In many ways, I see Jesus as an evangelist. He preached the “good news” of the Kingdom of God. He traveled extensively to spread his teachings and emphasized repentance faith and the love of God. His mission was to reach people from all walks of life encouraging them to transform their hearts and their lives. Essentially, He laid the foundation for what would become the core practices of evangelism so yes, He was the trailblazer in that regard.
Based on Dr. Jason Clark’s chapter 2.2 What is Evangelicalism?[5] This passage highlights key points in David Bebbington’s analysis of Evangelicalism, specifically its unique characteristics and its historical context:
- Four Key Characteristics: Bebbington’s quadrilateral of priorities—offers a framework to distinguish Evangelicalism from earlier Protestant movements, particularly Puritanism. These elements together create a distinct identity for Evangelicalism.
- Break from Puritanism: The passage underscores Babbington’s assertation that Evangelicalism marks a significant departure from Puritan Christianity, especially in its activism. Puritans are known for their intense focus on personal and community morality.
- Influence of the Enlightenment: The development of Evangelicalism is seen in the context of the Enlightenment, which brought new ideas of progress and a better future. This era fostered a sense of confidence and assurance in faith that translated into vigorous activism among Evangelicals.
- Noll’s Perspectives: While agreeing with Bebbington, Noll offers his views by recognizing continuities with Puritanism. He sees Evangelicalism as a revival of Puritan heart religion but acknowledges additional contextual factors that shaped it.
The Spirit Pour Out: Springs of the Charismatic Movement” in chapter 7[6] is my favorite reading for this assignment.
I remember my first experience speaking in tongues. I could imagine the book of Acts playing on my mind and the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. I chuckled how Bebbington used the word “outbreak” to describe the outpouring of the Spirit.[7]
- Baptism with the Holy Spirit: Charismatics believe in a distinct experience of being baptized with the Holy Spirit, which empowers believers for service and witness.
- Spiritual Gifts: The movement places a strong emphasis on spiritual gifts, such as speaking in tongues,
- prophecy, healing, and miracles, as described in the New Testament.
- Worship and Prayer: Charismatic worship is often characterized by lively, expressive forms of prayer and
- praise, including spontaneous singing, dancing, and other forms of physical expression.
- Renewal and Revival: The movement is seen as a renewal of the Holy Spirit within mainline and non-denominational churches, aiming to revive the spiritual fervor and commitment of believers
My takeaway is that I will certainly make time to read this book again because:
- It is interesting to understand religious history and cultural change.
- It helped me go deeper to understand how Evangelicalism shaped—and was shaped by—British society.
- It spans over two centuries, showing the evolution and influence of a movement that still has a
- significant impact today.
- It helped me understand the core principles of evangelicalism and how it interacted with key historical periods like enlightenment.
- It is not just a historical recount; it is about how beliefs transform lives and societies.
Bebbington concluded “Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s“ by emphasizing the enduring impact of Evangelicalism on British society. He argues that Evangelicalism has continually adapted to cultural changes while maintaining its core principles of conversionism, activism, biblicism, and crucicentrism. Furthermore, Bebbington highlights the resurgence of Evangelicalism in the post-World War II era and its ongoing relevance in contemporary British culture.[8]
1] David Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britian: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, (New York, NY: Routledge, 2005).
2] Bebbington, 3.
[3] Bebbington, 3.
[4] Bebbington, 4-7.
[5] Jason Paul Clark, “Evangelicalism and Capitalism: A Reparative Account and Diagnosis of Pathogeneses in the Relationship,” Faculty Publications – Portland Seminary. 132, (2018), 52-54. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/gfes/, 132.
[6] Bebbington, 227.
[7] Bebbington, 229.
[8] Bebbington, 270-273.
About the Author
Shela Sullivan
Born and raised on the vibrant Penang Island in Malaysia, I cherish the Malaysian greeting, “Mari Makan!!” which reflects the warmth of shared meals. Since 1996, I have called Oregon my home enjoying the raindrops and the serenity of its beaches. The ocean connects me to nature and energizes me. I am a Wife - Mentor - Traveling Pastor - Sourcing Manager Construction. Favorite Bible Verse: "Delight yourself in the Lord, and He will give you the desires of your heart." ~ Psalm 37:4~ I reside with my husband, David and our fur-baby Rolo. We share passions for travelling, culture, diverse cuisines, home improvements, classic cars and humor.12 responses to “Quadrilateral of Priorities – The Make-up of Evangelicalism”
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Shela, as always, thanks so much for your global perspective on the books we read.
How has your personal experience with evangelicalism, particularly in churches like Latter Rain Evangelical Church, shaped your understanding of the movement’s core principles in light of Bebbington’s analysis? Do you believe modern evangelicalism has successfully maintained its balance between spiritual activism and adapting to cultural changes, as Bebbington suggests?
Shela,
I’m going to jump into this conversation here as well as Glyn brings up a great question. One other thing that jumped out to me while reading was the name of the church Latter Rain Evangelical. What is the focus on Latter Rain? What is meant by this?
Thank you for your question, Adam.
The church was established by a couple based on the book of Joel. The name Latter Rain Evangelical Church refers to Joel 2:23. It was interpreted as a symbol of spiritual outpouring or revival that happens before the end times much like a spiritual renewal that prepares Believers for the final harvest. The provision of God and His abundance has been pounded in my heart and mind as a result of growing up in this church.
Joel 2:23 (NIV) says: Be glad people of Zion, rejoice in the Lord your God for He has given you the autumn rain because he is faithful. He sends you abundant showers both autumn and spring rains as before.
Hi Glyn,
Thank you for reading my post.Bebbington’s analysis resonates with me from the standpoint of spiritual verses material. The balance between material success and spiritual growth. I personally experience these concerns living in the United States, the potential compromise of my own core evangelical principles in the pursuit of economic prosperity. External pressures have shaped spiritual practices and priorities. I am glad to be serving in the Presbyterian denomination verses in an evangelical setting here in the US.
The balance between spiritual activism and cultural adaptation is a complex and ongoing challenge for modern evangelicalism. It requires constant reflection and intentional efforts to stay true to its foundational principles while engaging with the ever-changing cultural landscape.
That being said I believe that the increasing influence of consumerism and materialism has led to a dilution of spiritual activism connected to the love of Christ.
Shela,
Thank you for your post. I always enjoy reading the personal touches about your life. Dr. Clark’s paper speaks about the connections between evangelicalism and capitalism. How might a leader repair some of the harms created by this dynamic in today’s world?
Thank you for your question, Jennifer. Where do I even begin? 😊 I am currently focusing on the following areas, as such I will start here:
Refocusing on Core Values: Recenter the church’s mission on spiritual growth and disciple-making rather than material success and consumerism. There is a hunger for God’s love. People are not recognizing it because they don’t how.
Pastoral Care: Provide robust support systems for pastors and leaders to prevent burnout and promote holistic well-being recognizing the pressures they face in a culture that often equates success with business.
Transparent leadership: Practice transparency and accountability in church finances and leadership roles. This helps rebuild trust and ensures that resources are used to further the church mission rather than personal gain.
Sustainable practices: Embrace sustainable and ethical practices within the church and its operations setting an example for the community on how to balance faith and responsibility in a consumer driven world.
Hi Shela, Do you see an area where some of the concepts in Bebbington’s book will have an inpact on the ministry of preaching that you have been called to do?
Thank you for the question, Diane.
Yes, Bebbington’s booked helped in exploring the meaning and the history of the evangelical movement.
Thanks for this analysis and personal experience Shela. As you have discovered more about the history of the movement that transformed your life, is there anything that surprised you? In a good or challenging way? Is there anything you “hang your hat on”, so to speak, with regard to evangelicalism, that is core to your beliefs?
Thank you for the question, Debbie,
As I mentioned in my post, The Spirit Pour Out: Springs of the Charismatic Movement” in chapter 7 – Baptism of the Holy Spirit, is the core of my beliefs.
My challenge was reading about consumer culture in religion. If someone has felt the impact of consumerism within their church community, Bebbington’s critique of how capitalism has influenced evangelicalism provides a theoretical backbone to their personal discontent. It helps articulate the tension between maintaining spiritual integrity and navigating a consumer-driven society.
Thanks for sharing your personal experience within these movements, Shela! If you could go back to your Wesleyan Methodist church and share with them how and why your faith has grown, what would you share with them?
Hi Ryan,
My time at the Latter Rain Evangelical Church saved my walk with Christ. I experienced the power of prayer, the power of healing and forgiveness, the cost of following Christ and that miracles are real. I left the Methodist Church and moved to Latter Rain after a broken engagement.
I would share that my engagement was meant to be broken, humiliation was the road to humility, and my decision to leave the Methodist Church was God’s way to lead me to where I am today.